10 Ways to Find 10 Minutes to Write

10 Ways to Find 10 Minutes to Write 10 Ways to Find 10 Minutes to Write 10 Ways to Find 10 Minutes to Write By Ali Hale To what extent do you have to compose? We frequently think its not worth plunking down and beginning a piece except if we have an entire evening clear †yet in any event, finding an extra hour can at times appear to be unthinkable. Take a stab at contemplating the time you have to compose: one ten-minute meeting, six days per week, indicates 60 minutes. That could be a blog entry, a scene of a novel, a sonnet, the framework of another book proposition Heres ten different ways to discover at any rate ten minutes to compose, ways you can recover irritating â€Å"lost† time and set out to really utilize it. Anyway bustling you will be, you can oversee one of these today: 1. Compose before anything else Make an additional ten minutes in your day by setting your alert early: get up, snatch your scratch pad (or switch on your PC) and sneak in a short time of composing while every other person is still sleeping. 2. Compose on the train In the event that you get the train (or transport, or cylinder) to work or school, compose in transit. A few trains and mentors have power attachments for your PC, however all you truly need is a stack of paper and a pen. 3. Compose while youre remaining in line Next time you stall out in a long queue at the mail station or bank, whip out your note pad and begin jotting down a couple of thoughts for your next bit of composing. 4. Compose during a short breather Your short breather (or morning break at school) can be an extraordinary method to discover ten extra minutes. In the event that you’ve gain admittance to a PC and email, have a go at composing a passage of your most recent venture †at that point email it to yourself so you can without much of a stretch reorder it later. 5. Write in an exhausting gathering or talk Stuck in a dull gathering or talk? Rather than wandering off in fantasy land, deal with your composition: if you’ve got a PC, type away, or simply compose on paper. It’ll look like you’re focusing on the speaker and taking abundant notes†¦ 6. Write in your lunch break Try taking your lunch break as opposed to working straight through, and utilize this opportunity to make some compose done. Regardless of whether you need to proceed to purchase a sandwich, you ought to have the option to discover ten minutes extra to compose. 7. Write in the vehicle At the point when the car influx before you extends for a significant distance, celebrate! Get your note pad out, and begin composing. Also, if you’re sufficiently fortunate to have a sans traffic drive, end your excursion by sitting in the vehicle leave for ten minutes, composing ceaselessly. 8. Compose while youre pausing There are consistently times in the day when youll wind up sticking around, hanging tight for another person. Regardless of whether it’s sitting in gathering at the dentist’s medical procedure, trusting that the children will prepare, or trusting that your accomplice will return home, utilize those couple of moments to compose. 9. Compose while meals preparing It takes ten minutes for pasta or rice to cook †so why not take your note pad or PC into the kitchen and finish a few sections while dinner’s cooking? You can watch out for the food, and your family won’t hinder on the off chance that they know you’re cooking for them†¦ 10. Write in the advert breaks Parity your PC on your knees and compose angrily in each advert break while sitting in front of the TV. Over the span of 60 minutes in length appear, you’ll see in any event ten minutes of promotions. A lot of time to polish off your piece! Where would you be able to discover ten additional minutes in the day to compose? How might you recover some â€Å"lost† time furthering your potential benefit? Educate us concerning it in the comments†¦ Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Writing Basics class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to Know3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationIf I Was versus On the off chance that I Were

Foreign Direct Investment In Nigeria

Outside Direct Investment In Nigeria The Nigeria economy has accomplished the center salary status as per the World Bank, with its abundant supply of normal assets and institutional turn of events and development in the nation. The Stock Exchange advertise in Nigeria is the second biggest in Africa. The GDP Purchasing Power Parity was positioned 31st in the World as toward the finish of 2011. The parity of installment indicated an exchange surplus with the United States which is her biggest remote speculator and a beneficiary of the biggest fare showcase for U.S. products. During theâ oil boomâ of the 1970s, Nigeria gathered a profound outside obligation to back key infrastructural speculations. In October 2005, Nigerian specialists had an exchange with its Paris Clubâ creditors and finished up on an understanding wherein Nigeria obligation was limited by around 60%. Nigeria in this manner utilized piece of its oil benefits to pay the lingering 40%, discharging up at any rate $1.15â billion every year for destitutio n decrease programs being completed. History was recorded in Nigeria after the obligations were paid and was currently known as the principal African nation to settle up totally owed obligation to the Paris club adding up to an expected estimation of $30â billion. It is imperative to realize that Petroleumâ plays a huge job in the Nigerian economy, representing 40% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 80% of Government income. The media transmission advertise in Nigeria is one of the World quickest developing quickest developing markets with major developing business sector administrators (like MTN, Etisalat, Zain and Globacom) who based their biggest and most beneficial focuses in the country. The government has as of late started growing this foundation toâ space based interchanges with a space satellite which is observed at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja. The monetary assistance division has created because of the mix of global and neighborhood banks, business houses, insurance agencies and dealers, resource the executives organizations, private value assets and speculation banks. Uncontrolled expansion has happened on the Naira and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has been attempting t o control the rate to stay beneath 10%, in 2011, CBN expanded financing cost, ascending from 6.25% to 12%. On 31 January 2012, CBN chose to keep up the key loan fee at 12%, so as to lessen the effect of swelling because of decrease in fuel sponsorships. In spite of the fact that the, the expansion rate in Nigeria was recorded at 12.80 percent in July of 2012. The joblessness circumstance in Nigeria is at present high simply like how it has influenced the worldwide world because of the financial emergency as it was last detailed at 23.9 percent in 2011. 2.2 Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria A definition contained in a critical position of Payment Manual (Washington, D.C. Worldwide Monetary Fund, 1997 and 1993) characterized Foreign direct venture as speculation finished through a durable administration enthusiasm of an association, endeavor or expert body working in a nation other than that of the financial specialist being referred to. What's more, must have at any rate 10% responsibility for association considered as FDI (Patterson et al 2004). Normally FDI are made by huge worldwide (MNEs) through securing or merger or the advancement of another office. The expansive range of all the MNEs is that they assume a prevailing job in Research and Development by bringing new advancements into such nation and furthermore they have incredible effect on the economy they put resources into (Balaam and Veseth, 2008). The discussion of FDI has expanded because of the enormous progression of FDI into both created and creating nation and its significance on the development in such economies and worldwide economy on the loose. The segments of FDI ought not be mixed up; this incorporates value capital, reinvested income and intra-organization advances. Value capital is the outside direct speculators net acquisition of the offers and advances of an endeavor in the nation of venture other than its own. Re contributed profit is a piece of an offshoots winning gathering to the outside financial specialist that is reinvested in that endeavor. Furthermore, intra-organization credits are short or long haul advances from parent firms to offshoot undertaking or the other way around. 2.2.1Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment The financial determinants of internal FDI can be assembled for accommodations purpose into three classifications each mirroring the inspiration for putting resources into remote nations in explicit Nigeria. This incorporates asset chasing, showcase chasing and proficiency chasing. Asset looking for is a key determinant on the grounds that the accessibility of common assets in the host nation decides whether such nation is blessed by the gods and if speculation is conceivable. In earlier years the horticulture area in Nigeria was blasting and filled in as an incredible type of speculation adventure in the economy as the profit collecting from it supported the financial development of the nation. Anyway as of late, the oil and gas industry has eclipsed the horticulture area and accordingly ignored as assets and assets have been utilized to improve the oil and gas segment. Oil from that point forward has filled in as an immense road for outside financial specialists due to the wealth i n the nation the inflow to that area has been high and thusly contributing about 40% to Gross local item, 90% of fares and 80% of government income. The pertinence of monetary determinant for drawing in showcase looking for FDI is the market size in supreme terms. Huge market can suit local and remote consequently assisting with boosting firms creation to work on scale and degree economies and Nigeria has a wide market base. Proficiency looking for determinants can be different structures that mirror the inspiration to contribute, for example, that accessibility of minimal effort incompetent work in Nigeria. 2.2.2 Challenges of the Operating Environment for FDI A portion of the significant restrictions to pulling in interest in Nigeria incorporate hostile speculation condition, irregularity in government strategies, others are social indecencies, for example, frailty debasement, money related and monetary violations just as clashing arrangements. The test thusly is to turn around these: (I) The Capital market The Nigerian capital market was additionally not made sure about in the tumults of the worldwide monetary emergency, in April 2008; the market encountered a downturn throughout the entire existence of capital market activities in the nation. This remarkable sinking of the stocks constrained both outside and nearby financial specialists who had settled on the upside of the ideal profit for ventures on the stock trade started to hurry somewhere else in extraordinary nervousness. (ii) Energy Because of the worldwide monetary emergency the interest for oil diminished, bringing about oil costs plunging from $140 per barrel in the second from last quarter of the year to $44, and being the chief wellspring of the countrys income worker. The remote stores dwindled from $65billion to $45billion inside a half year from the third to last the quarter of the year. Aside from the abovementioned, Nigerias high inclination for imports was additionally part of the explanations behind the quick lessened remote stores. In 2006, 2.5millions barrels every day were delivered and developed to about 3millions barrels every day. Sadly the Niger River Delta brutality during this period cut off 600,000 barrels for every day. Besides, the absence of qualified specialized staff was a requirement, seizing in the Delta additionally made enlisting exile staff troublesome, particularly for the oil administrations organizations (iii) Power: Numerous methods of improving infrastructural improvement have been set out upon by government yet at the same time without any result. Improvement of framework especially electric vitality has been and still stays a significant worry of financial specialists even regardless of the Power Reform Program, no beneficial outcome has been accomplished (Bello 2011). The lacking foundation has forced high exchange cost for business and accordingly militating against development of the private area 2.3 Foreign Direct Investment Flows This area talks about and clarifies the example of Foreign Direct Investment stream in the World and in Nigeria. 2.3.1Trends and Pattern of FDI in the World The world economy has gone worldwide because of the progression of exchange, the breaking of business hindrances, mechanical headways, capital markets and the development of global products and ventures or thoughts over the previous decades. Ayanwale (2007), many creating nations see FDI as a significant component in their technique for monetary turn of events and this has prompted the fast development of FDI around the globe. In creating nations, Mergers and acquisitions including private-to-private exchanges just as acquisitions through privatization turned into a significant vehicle for FDI (Kyaw, 2003). Subsequently, creating nations have had effect on the worldwide economy because of enormous household showcase, modest and talented work, low work expenses and significant yields on speculation particularly in the financial aspects of industrialized states. This has prompted numerous nations improving their business atmosphere to draw in more FDI. Truth be told, one of the columns for propelling the new organization for Africas advancement (NEPAD) was to quicken FDI inflows to the district (Funke and Nsouli, 2003). The pattern of FDI portrays in the graph underneath of the inflow of FDI in the previous twenty years as there has been an upward development from 1990 and a reduction in1999 then rose again in 2003 and kept on ascending until the abatement again from 2007 and has stayed low because of the world monetary emergencies that has been progressing. Figure 2.1: World Foreign Direct Investment Inflow Source: World Development Indicators 2008 Fifty-seven new estimates influencing FDI were presented by forty African nations of which forty-nine among these measures empowered internal FDI (UNCTAD, 2007). The expansion in FDI inflows to a great extent reflected solid execution and moderately high monetary development (UNCTAD, 2008). 30% of all out FDI inflows w

Four Weeks of Freedom

Four Weeks of Freedom Discover New Music The arrival of September 1st signifies exactly 4 weeks until I board a flight to the U.K and embark on the second half of my college journey. And over the last 3 weeks most of the conversations Ive had contained this bit of dialogue Friend: Hey Nat, when do you head over to Cambridge? Me: Uhh, October 1st, so around 4-5 weeks! Friend: Woah, thats a long time. What are you going to do? Me: Hmm, I dont know, chill and work for my brother I guess. So this morning I decided it was about time I make a plan and heres what Ive come up with. Discover New Music The last two years has been a musical journey that D. Bae 15 and Matt O. 15 were instrumental in sparking. In my pre-college days the range of music I listened to was painfully narrow and my goal in these four weeks is to continue broadening that range with at least 4 albums/mixtapes a week Ive never heard before. Catch Up on Movies/TV shows Growing up Ive always been the type of person who needed background noise to work. While my noise choice in the past has always been TV, in the last few months I brought together a group of about 50 movies that I watch over and over. But over time that became 4-5 movies that had great soundtracks and didnt require my attention to follow. So after 30+ viewings of Dazed and Confused, its about time I watch some new stuff. Orange is the New Black is the first show Ive binge watched in a while and it was absolutely wonderful. Flex My Bookworm Muscles Before coming to MIT I was a fair sized bookworm who absolutely loved Medieval High Fantasy. In the last two years Ive only read a handful of books for pleasure and all of those books were related to my major so these four weeks will be filled with trips to the library. Working For My Brother I dont think Ive talked much about my brother on the blogs but I do have an awesome 23 year old brother(totally not just saying this because hell probably see this post) who owns a web consulting business and works at Hallmark. Ever since he started fulltime at Hallmark hes had significantly less time to dedicate to his consulting business and Ive been able to convince him to let me do a little bug hunting and general maintenance so that I can save up a few bucks for vacationing in Europe, learn some .NET, and put these four weeks to good use. So there you have it, a couple of things I want to do before my summer is over. If you have any book/movie/tv show recommendations, leave a comment or email me at natgblog at mit.edu! Theres also the fact that I should start this summer homework and brush up on my classes but Im going to pretend like I never said that. Hope you all had a wonderful Labor Day!

Book Summary of the Use and Abuse of Biology - 2361 Words

Part 1 Marshall Sahlins is one of the most prominent American anthropologists of our time. He holds the title of Charles F. Grey Distinguished Service Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago where he presently teaches. Marshall Sahlins, The Use and Abuse of Biology, is an excellent text, which attacks both the logical errors of sociobiology and its ideological distortions. His work focuses on demonstrating the power that culture has to shape peoples perceptions and actions and that culture has a unique power to motivate people, which is not derived from biology or for that matter any other of the natural sciences. In the text, The Use And Abuse of Biology, Sahlins reveals his true worries that culture can be†¦show more content†¦30). Sahlins gives mathematical formulas for kin loss contingent on the total number of descent groups and the actual rule of intermarriage between them. The author argues that biological inheritance is not an individual function, as a child does not receive his or her genetic makeup from either his or her parents. Furthermore, the matrilineal descent group is a single entity in an organic heritage: these members of that particular group according to mathematical formulation have a co-efficient relationship of 1. Sahlins also argues that the structure of social interest is not constituted by genetic factors of an individual nature. Yet, the theory of kinship dominates a large portion of the text and he explores kin selection. This theory of kin selection has been tested in Polynesia. The advantages of testing for kin selection in Polynesia are best put forward for these following reasons. First, Polynesian societies can afford structural conditions favorable for the operation of kin selection. Second, descent is bilaterally reckoned and Polynesians are renowned for the value the race as a whole attaches to genealogies. He explains that this formula is important as it accounts for altruism and a whole collection of socially undesirable behaviors. Behaviors that individuals often cannot abide are displayed by significant others in our communities such as greed or ingratitude or selfishness. These negativeShow MoreRelatedThe Manipulation Of Human Biology1160 Words   |  5 PagesThe manip ulation of human biology has always been a controversial issues. To many, purposefully changing the genetics of mankind is reminiscent of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and even the eugenics of Nazi Germany. However, genetic manipulation offers an unignorable potential to help many people live lives with fewer serious health issues. These two opposing viewpoints are why genetic manipulation, like the creation of designer babies, is so heated. According to â€Å"Introduction,† Designer babiesRead MoreThe Role of Women in Developing a Country1561 Words   |  7 Pagesshvoong.com The Global Source for Summaries Reviews * Sign up * Sign In * Use f * Write earn * Category Languages Search Ãâ€" Sign up Use your Facebook account for quick registration Sign up with Facebook OR Create a Shvoong account from scratch Create your account Already a Member? Sign In! Ãâ€" Sign In Sign in using your Facebook account Sign in with Facebook OR Not a Member? Sign up! Ãâ€" Sign up Use your Facebook account for quick registration Sign up with Facebook ORRead MoreA People s History Of The United States Essay1818 Words   |  8 Pagesslavery in American history has also encouraged and enlightened many women to support feminism and gender equality. Therefore, the extended explanation and summary of how a female African slave had to tolerate double oppression based on the two chapters in Howard Zinn’s book, A People’s History of the United States is presented below. Summary: The presence of slavery in 19th century had established a society in which people were oppressed severely based on race, gender and social class. PushoversRead MoreSummary Of Jules Verne s France 1675 Words   |  7 Pagesshark is mercilessly torn apart and used to empower others. This very same focus and obsession with prospering at all costs has become an almost integral piece of society, creating a never-ending chain of abuse as the strong slowly decay, becoming prey for the next power group. In short, Verne’s use of metaphor in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea directly correlates to and criticizes human values and morals. Verne also dabbles with allusion, giving the Captain Nemo a name with two meanings in order to questionRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Good Will Hunting4243 Words   |  17 PagesHunting, at first glance, seems to be such an ordinary person, such an affable guy in the movie Good Will Hunting that at first, one wonders why he merited a character study. However, the movie Good Will Hunting proves the old adage of you cannot judge a book by its cover. Will Hunting seems to be a stereotypical Southie, as those who come from South Boston are called. Will Hunting seemed to have all the Boston toughness, and he had friends Ââ€" however, he did not give of himself in any gift of friendshipRead More14. . . . Should Juveniles Be Trial As An Adult?. By Mikerlange4083 Words   |  17 PagesEven though the justice system knows perfectly well that most juvenile offenders are too young to understand truly the implications of their actions, many juveniles are still transferred to adult courts for case hearing. For instance, in that same book that I was reading called juvenile crime by Larry Sigel there was a section that stuck out to me when the decision of the district attorney to try a boy named Brandon McAnarney a grown man for the killing of young boy is part of a soaring trend inRead MoreThe National Eating Disorders Association says that the average women is 63,6kg and the average3000 Words   |  12 Pageseating disorder. Having a n eating disorder is a serious medical problem. They most frequently develop during adolescence, but can occur earlier or in adulthood and is more common amongst females than males. It is more than just a problem with food, they use it to try gain control and ease tension and anxiety. Some factors believed to contribute to development of eating disorders: ï€ ­ Social: being very thin is socially ideal and appearance are very important to women in particular. ï€ ­ Personal characteristics:Read MoreDisease and Its Impact on Humans2368 Words   |  10 PagesHUMANS | DISEASES | | DANICA DE FREITAS | 12/21/2011 | | Disease and its impact on humans TABLE OF CONTENTS WHAT IS A DISEASE? MAIN TYPES OF DISEASES DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION WHAT IS A VECTOR? STD’S ROLE OF BLOOD IMMUNITY EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF DISEASE IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS What is a disease? Disease is defined as a disorder with a specific cause (which may or may not be known) and recognizable signs and symptoms. THERE ARERead More Exploring Girls Participation in Violence Essay3609 Words   |  15 Pagesdelinquency have been conducted by Meda Chesney-Lind and her associates. While not focusing exclusively on violent girls, their work on girls in trouble with the law provides much insight into the complex issue of girls aggression and violence. The summary of research in this brief is, for the most part, guided by their work. Overall, the brief reviews the extent of girls delinquency and violence, the ways they differ from boys, the contributing factors, and effective program strategies to preventRead MoreCRJ 110 Final Exam3676 Words   |  15 Pagesare the four definitional perspectives in contemporary criminology? A) The four definitional perspectives are legalistic, political, sociological, and psychological. 2. What is the definition of crime that the authors of your textbook have chosen to use? A) Crime is human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws. 3. What is the difference between crime and deviance? A) Crime violates a law and deviance

Case Study The Market Failure Of Alcohol - 1303 Words

Ashley Alaniz ECON 2302 Armstrong 3 May 2016 CASE STUDY: The Market Failure Analyzation of Alcohol DEMANDERS Alcohol is one of the most popular forms of socializing in America. On average about 66% of Americans say they consume alcohol and with most drinkers admitting to consuming just over four alcoholic drinks per week. According to the Beverage Marketing Corporation, in 2014, alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and spirits, make up about 20% of the US beverage market. Beer continues to be Americans favored drink, with wine being second, and liquor being another beloved form of alcohol. The American Beverage Licensees, also known as the ABL is the national association for services such as bars, taverns, pubs, and liquor stores. In an economic study, the ABL estimated that the economic impact of the alcoholic beverage industry in 2014 was more than $245 billion. However, for the past several years the demand for the alcohol market has gradually been declining because consumers are now becoming more health conscientious and choosing better alternatives to drink. Beer has long been the major alcoholic beverage preference compared to wine and distilled spirits and liquor. However, in recent years, beer has been losing its market share to wine and spirits. According to the Market Realist, this trend has negatively impacted beer producers such as Anheuser-Busch and MillerCoors. With liquor being an extremley popular market, companies such as Diageo, Brown-Forman,Show MoreRelated Prohobition Essays1189 Words   |  5 Pagesactually caused. One of the main goals, obviously as it was implied by the name, was to eliminate alcohol from the American social scene. Not, however, that it was illegal to consume alcohol. In fact, it was only the manufacturing and sale of alcohol that was illegal. Anything bought before the amendment was instituted was perfectly legal. But, as there was no bottomless pit of alcohol anywhere to be found, the supply would obviously run out. So, despite the fact that it was illegal peopleRead MoreFacts About Marijuana Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans should have freely being distributed on their streets. Arguments have been made that if marijuana is legalized then the gang wars and drug money killings that go on will stop, along with the black market and criminal activities that are related to drug sales and use. In actuality, most cases of drug related violence and crime are committed not only because people want to buy drugs, but more often because people use drugs (Claim I 1). Drugs alter a persons behaviors, which initiates criminalRead MoreCase Study Of Diageo Global Branding Strategies717 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this case study is to analyze the article: â€Å"Thirsty for Growth, Liquor Giant Taps African Market†. In performing this analysis, the following four questions will be answered: Why haven’t Diageo’s global branding strategies worked in Africa; what has the company done to change its marketing strategies; are there risks to the Diageo brands to the new approach; and what are the social implications of Diageo’s actions? Failure of Diageo Global Branding Strategies Diageo experiencedRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe legal drinking age in the United States was ruled to be 21 in 1984, setting the country apart from almost all other western nations. These past 30 years have contained as much problems regarding the consumption of alcohol as one of the country’s biggest failures ever, the 18th amendment, otherwise known as prohibition. Also, the legal drinking age in the United States can be considered violation of states liberties, as the national government, albeit with good intentions, has intervened and onlyRead MoreImproving The Health Care System1706 Words   |  7 Pagesout-of-pocket. According to a study conducted, 12% of the hospital stays were paid for by families uninsured. High health care cost are caused by an array of factors including the advancement of technology.As a result, people seek and utilize services offered in the black market at a lower cost. II. Purpose of Black Market The black market is an economic activity, where goods and services are obtained and sold illegally, with no government intervention. Black markets- sometimes referred toRead MoreQuestions and Answers on Economics1436 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Question 1 Economics and Alcohol Abuse - When economists think about a product in general, they think supply and demand. If there is no demand for the product, then there will likely be a smaller supply. If the item is rare and there is a high demand, then the product will be expensive. One political and economic idea about reducing alcohol abuse is to target the youth market where alcohol is prevalent, if illegal. The youth market, that is 14-17 years of age, are more likely to be more affectedRead More Drugs and Alcohol Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough there is risk involved with the legalization of the marijuana, our country has already been risking too much banning the drug. As a result, many police officers and Americ an citizens lives are at risk as task force attempt to control the black market. It has limited the treatment possibilities of the ill as marijuana can be prescribed for various sicknesses (Fisher, par. 1). The benefits of legalizing marijuana by far out way the losses of continuing to keep it illegal. There are flaws on bothRead MoreAlcohol And Drugs And Their Effects On First Year Students1544 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol and Drugs and their Effects on First-Year Students Alcohol has been a part of human society for millennia. It can be found in churches, gas stations, supermarkets, and nearly everywhere else. Drugs are becoming more ubiquitous as well, with the legalization of cannabis now active in some form in 25 states (Maciag â€Å"State†). However, no single place is more saturated with alcohol and drugs than the college campus. Despite the troves of research that have been done to give evidence that theyRead MoreThe Boston Beer Company1497 Words   |  6 PagesRSM 332 Marketing Research Fall 2011 Thursday 1:00 pm - 3:00 pm WO 20 Professor: Mengze Shi Project: The Boston Beer Company case Chernenko Kirill 998581510 The Boston Beer Company, Inc., founded in 1984, is a leading brewer in United States, offering wide variety of high quality full-flavored, handcraftedbeers. It is distinctive due to the time-honored recipe of brewing and authentic, consistent quality of alcoholic beverages. Samuel Adams Boston Lager is the pride of BBC,Read MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1200 Words   |  5 Pagesmore conventional medicines in the case of multiple sclerosis patients, and it has been proven to be very useful and effective. Also, the drug is known to help those undergoing chemotherapy treatment. This essential cancer therapy damages patient s bodies and causes extreme vomiting, weakness, and weakened immune systems. On the other hand, some people who argue that cannabis should not be legalized argue that cannabis is more lethal to the human body than alcohol, which is legal. This is demonstrably

The Kashmir Earthquake of Oct.8.2005 Free Essays

October 8 Kashmir Earthquake: Impact on Geoenvironment and Structures in the Karnah and Uri Tehsils of Kashmir (India) A relief-come-earthquake investigation team of the Centre for Disaster Studies and Research, University of Jammu, Jammu (India) visited the Karnah Tehsil of Kupwara district for the purpose of distribution of relief goods provided by the University of Jammu and the Red Cross. Professor Amitabh Mattoo, Vice-Chancellor, University of Jammu, flagged off the team on 2nd November from Jammu. Professor Mattoo also accompanied the team upto Srinagar. We will write a custom essay sample on The Kashmir Earthquake of Oct.8.2005 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The earthquake investigation team surveyed the area for collection of the first hand information on the geological aspects and impact of the October 8 earthquake in the Karnah and Uri Tehsils. The relief team surveyed the villages around Tangdhar area and accordingly the relief goods were distributed among 500 households in the villages of Tad, Nalchian, Sadana (Nastachhun), Drangyare, Tangdhar and Rangwar on 4-5 November 2005. Tangdhar-Tithwal valley Landslides on the PAK Neelam Valley Road Besides distribution of the relief goods among the worst affected people in the area the team members interviewed a cross-section of populace in these villages to know about their future needs and problems they are likely to face. The team found that shelter is the main problem these people would be facing on the onset of winter in the area. The team also observed that the distribution of relief goods in the Karnah Tehsil was not according to the need of the people. Some areas received too much of the relief that people started choosing among the goods that were distributed among them while other areas (comparatively inaccessible areas) either did not receive the relief at all or if received it was inadequate. A Team Comprising of the following members Ghulam M. Bhat (Reader in Geology)*, Sandeep K. Pandita (Lecturer in Geology), Yudhbir Singh (Scholar – Landslides), Vinay Sharma (Scholar – Engineering Geology), Sham Singh (Scholar – Sedimentology ) and Gulshan R Bhat (Scholar in Geography) visited the quake affected areas in Kashmir from Nov 2nd to 12th , 2005. The report is based on the investigations carried out by this team in Karnah and Uri Tehsils and was compiled in 3 rd week of November, 2005. *Post Graduate Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu – 180 006 E-mail * bhatgm@rediffmail. com 1 There are 54 villages in the Karnah Tehsil and most of them are totally destroyed by the quake. Hundreds of people lost their lives, and thousands have been badly injured. About 50000 people have been rendered homeless by the quake in Karnah Tehsil alone. The area still trembles with aftershock tremors being felt every day. Most houses in the area have collapsed into heaps of rubble, and the remaining few that are left standing have developed severe cracks and can easily crumble due to aftershocks or under the weight of snow. Almost all people in the villages are now staying in tents and makeshift shelters made of tin sheets and wooden logs. They have lost almost all their personal possessions, stocks of food and domestic animals. Almost all shops and schools in the area have been destroyed. Roads and footpaths leading to the villages off the main highway have also been blocked by huge boulders and debris falls. Agricultural fields have developed deep cracks and the irrigation channels have been clogged. The earthquake investigation team visited Uri and villages beyond in the Baramulla district from 7-12 Noverber. The situation in this area is as stark as in Karnah. All the villages have been completely flattened, with almost every single building destroyed. More than 514 people have lost their lives in this area in the quake. Almost all families living there have been rendered homeless. Ruined Thamni village (Karnah) Flattened Ibkot village (Karnah) Although the government claims providing of relief to all the affected people, but there are numerous complaints from the villagers about the distribution of relief by the government. For each person killed by the quake the kith and kin have received a sum of Rs. 50,000 only. The government also claims that it has supplied a single, one-month ration of 11 kg of rice, 700 gm of sugar per person and tea leaves, cooking- and kerosene oil. Although some villagers have received rice and sugar, but many others said that they have not received any relief from the Government. Almost every body in the area made a complaint that tea leaves, kerosene- and cooking oil have not reached the villages even after three weeks of the quake. People leveled allegations of large scale corruption in the distribution of the relief and accusations of local level officials misappropriating relief funds and material. The team was told of the politicisation of relief, with different political parties providing relief to their own supporters and vote-banks. Many people in these areas have lost foodgrains they had stored for the winter and they need supply of grains and other food articles for at least four to five months. This part of Kashmir winesses severe winter and the temperature falls below minus 15 degrees Celsius and experiences snowfall of six feet and more. 2 The government has also announced a sum of Rs. 100,000 for each damaged house payable in two instalments (Rs. 40,000 and Rs. 60,000). However, this exgratia relief has not yet been given to each and every house owner. Even some of the damaged houses are yet to be registered, people claim. Those who have received this relief complaint that this amount is too little, and is not even enough to hire labour to remove the rubble and to purchase and transport material to build temporary shelters, let alone for reconstructing their homes. They want that the amount be substantially increased and also insist that it should be paid in one instalment. Receiving it in two instalments, as many of them argue, would mean that they might have to bribe the local officials twice, instead of once. The army has played commendable role in the relief work at some places, particularly immediately after the quake by transporting victims to hospitals, and providing relief material (food, shelter, etc. ) and medical assistance. Downslope tilting of the structures Tithwal Flattened Batpura Kandi (Karnah) The team noticed that relatively a few NGOs are involved in providing relief in the quake hit areas, particularly in Tangdhar and Uri. People in general complaint that these NGOs visit villages that are located on the main road, leaving out villages situated high up in the mountains. The team met many people who had trekked from remote villages to Tangdhar and other villages on the main road in the hope of getting some food or clothing from passing relief vehicles. The powerful and influential people get much more while the poor get inadequate relief and sometimes nothing. There are several instances of looting the relief trucks on their way to Tandhar and Tithwal. In several villages (near the main roads and main towns) large piles of clothes supplied by relief organisations have been thrown around. In some places people were using them to light bonfires to keep themselves warm. The relief organisations should send the materials of immediate use to the people, such as blankets, jackets, coats, socks and shoes, and kerocene oil. Most importantly, tin sheets are needed to build temporary shelters to tide over the severe winter that awaits them. Geological Investigation The Karnah Tehsils falls within the Kupwara district while the Uri Tehsil falls under the administrative control of the Baramulla district. The Tangdhar-Tithwal valley (Karnah) is drained by two main streams (the Batmaji River and the Qazinag River) which together confluence with the Neelam River (Kishanganga River) at Tithwal. On 3 either side of the Bathmaji and Qazi Nag Rivers are lofty mountain ranges which are cut into narrow gorges and deep defiles. The terrain is rugged and remains snow covered during the winter months. The famous Sadana Pass, which lies at an elevation of 10417 feet above msl, cuts off the Karnah valley from the main Kashmir valley. The Tangdhar Tithwal valley hosts a population of about 50 thousand, which is mainly dependent on agriculture. A portion of the population works in public and private sectors within and outside the state. There are 54 villages, which are situated in the two subsidiary river valleys. Geologically the entire landmass of the Karnah Tehsil can be categorized in the three stratal categories including the older alluvium, older river terraces and the mountain and hill slopes. Agriculture is being practiced on the older alluvium and at places the settlements also exist on these deposits. Most of the settlements in the entire Karnah valley are confined either to the older river terraces or to the mountain and hill slopes. As a rule the mountain and hill slopes are vulnerable to landslips, landslides, debris flows and shooting stones, as is the case with the Karnah valley. Also the older terraces are highly vulnerable to debris flows and slips during flash floods and earthquakes. The Karnah valley is prone to flash floods as is evident from the recent records and the geological evidences in the area. Our investigation reveals that in the past the entire area has witnessed the earthquake comparable with the October 8 earthquake and even of more intensity. This fact has been confirmed by the local people who claim that their elders have revealed to them the furry of flash floods in the entire valley in the past that compelled them to shift their settlements to the mountain slopes. The furry of nature did not spare them even at the higher elevations when severe earthquake struck the region in the past killing most of the inhabitants settled on the mountain slopes. The skeletons of the buried human beings are sometimes brought out of the debris due to landslides and slips at a depth of about 20-m in both the Karnah and Uri areas. el am Ri ve r Ne 2150m 3100m 2250m Bathmaji River 1500 m Road Rupture 2000m 2100m Tract Fualt er River/stream Sinking Rupture zi N ag 1600m Locality R iv 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 km Ruptures developed on the mountain ridges in Karnah Area (G. M. Bhat et al. University of Jammu, 2005) Ka 4 Fig. 1: Tectonic map of the Tangdhar-Tithwal sector, Karnah The October 8, 2005 earthquake shook the entire Karnah Tehsil damaging almost 100% structures, killing about 270 human beings and thousands of animals. The earthquake has devastated the mountain cliffs, ridges, slopes and even the agricultural fields. The road network in the entire Karnah Tehsil trav erses through the unstable zones. The only construction materials available in the area are rocks and timber. Almost all the residential and official buildings are multistoried and made up of rocks and timber. These structures are susceptible to collapse even at moderate earthquakes. It is because of the poor foundations and unstable ground conditions of the area that almost all the buildings within a radius of 60 km of the epicenter collapsed and within the radius of 100 km of the epicenter all the buildings were partially damaged. Liquefaction at Karalpura (Kupwara) Sand Blows at Simbal Camp, Jammu The Batmaji- and Qazinag Rivers are flowing along the fault lines in the Tangdhar-Tithwal area. The October 8 earthquake that occurred on the Main Boundary Thrust has activated these subsidiary fault lines in the area. The evidences are seen on either side of these fault lines along the mountain ridges whose expression is visible on the mountain slopes in the form of longitudinal cracks. These cracks are a few meters in aperture and a few meters deep on the mountain ridges. At places a vertical slip of about 1-m is seen in these mountain ridge cracks. We noticed these ridge cracks from Tithwal through Green Patch, Dhaken, Amrui, Tad, Sadana Pass, to Chokibal and from Tithwal through Tangdhar Bakhain, Rangwar and Karalpura to Nutnusa. The salient features of these fractures and the field notes taken on these displacements are briefly described here. Karalpura An earthquake of magnitude 4. 4 with its epicenter at lat 34. 59 0 N and long 73. 620 E on 3rd of November, 2005 at 0625 hours produced liquefaction in the village of Karalpura. On our return from Tangadhar on 7 th of November the process was on and the area of activity had spread over to about 4 square km in the vicinity. There are a number of other sites in this area where water was oozing out of the paddy fields and in the Dar Mohalla of the Karalpura town. On the 3rd of November the water gushed out at three spots in the Dar Mohalla and ejected black sand in large quantity which was thrown into the air upto 1. m. Liquefaction is a process that occurs when a loosely packed grain framework is suddenly broken down; the grains become temporarily suspended in the pore fluid, and settle through the fluid, displacing it upward, until grain-supported 5 structure is re-established. The lower threshold of shaking intensity of about MM VI can produce liquefaction in sensitive depo sits. Liquefaction can be developed at earthquake magnitudes as low as about 5, but that a magnitude of about 5. 5 to 6 is the lower limit at which liquefaction effects become relatively common. At Karalpura the sand blow craters are 0. 7 m in diameter and have ejected black sand in large quantity. It is located at about 100-km aerial distance from the epicenter of the earthquake. The ejected sand suggests the alluvial fan deposits at depth. It is interesting to note that the Karalpura liquefaction initiated due to an earthquake of magnitude 4. 4 and after one months period from the main quake. The liquefaction associated with the October 8 earthquake and aftershocks offers an opportunity to develop relations to constrain the magnitude of the past earthquakes in the same tectonic setup. It is also the best reference to compare its dimensions with the palaeo-liquefaction and thereby to assess the recurrence interval for larger events for the same seismic source or an average interval for a region. The liquefaction process can help to identify the earthquake prone areas and contribute to the earthquake hazard assessment. 2700m 1800m Kamalkot Chakoti 1100m Kaman Urusa 1300m 1350m Chakra Isham 1400m 2000m Jabla Uri 1400m 1400m Salamabad Lagama 1400m Fault Line Locality Kamalkot Mt Ghundi 1600m Basgiran Sultan Dhakki m e lu Jh R iv er Road(NH) River/Stream Path Sinking Rupture 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 km Ruptures developed on the mountain ridges in Uri-Kaman Post sector (G. M. Bhat et al. , Geology Department, University of Jammu, 2005) Fig. 2: Tectonic map of the Uri-Kaman Post Sector, Kashmir 6 Loss of Agricultural fields (Patti Thamni) Karnah Building on the older alluvium (Karnah) Green Patch Green patch is the mountain ridge at an elevation of about 1900-m above msl. Below this ridge is situated the villages of Beari and Dringla on its western and eastern slopes respectively. These villages host about 100 households with a population of about 700. The entire settlement has been razed to the ground. The mountain slopes have been cracked both longitudinally and transversely. The cracks run parallel to each other for a few hundred of meters and are often cut across by subsidiary cracks. The aperture of the main cracks ranges from 1 m to 4 m and a visible depth of about 3-m. At the ridge of the Green Patch there exists a large crack which runs all along the ridge for about 1. 0 km till it coincides with the another crack developed in the adjoining mountain ridge cutting across the Green Patch ridge. On either slope of the Green Patch Mountain longitudinal and transverse cracks of different sizes have developed. The Longitudinal cracks run parallel to the main ridge crack. The vertical slip of the Green Patch ridge is about 1. 0 m with the crack aperture approaching 4 m. Cracks in Green Patch Mt. ridge Shattered rocks on the Green Patch Mt. ridge Dakhen The Dakhen Mountain is about 2000 m above msl and on its eastern side are situated the villages of Ibkot, Pati Dakhen, Pati Thamni and Bahadarkot and on its western side is situated the Green Patch. The mountain ridge is fissured all along the ridge for a few kilometers in the NNE-SSW direction. Main lithology of the mountain is 7 quartzites and phyllites. On either side of the ridge occur a number of parallel fractures on the slopes whose aperture ranges from 15 cm to a maximum of 1. 0 m. These fractures are deep and the visible depth is 1. 5 m. At the mountaintop the vertical slip of about 0. 75 m has taken place. There are about 90 households situated on both the sides of this mountain with a population of about 400. Almost all the houses are razed to the ground with heavy human casualty and tremendous loss to the livestock. The slopes are vulnerable to the landslips and debris flows, which can trigger during rains and future earthquakes. Tithwal Mountain Ridge The Tithwal Mountain ridge is also fissured and has resulted in the rock falls, which has inundated the Tithwal town. The road section beyond Tithwal town has been scrapped out into the Neelam River. Tithwal village is almost 100% damaged. A few buildings are standing but are unsafe for living. Settlements in the foot of the mountain range are highly vulnerable to future landslips and shooting stones. Chhamkot-Sikh Bridge The villages between Chhamkot and Sikh Bridge include Pingla-Haridal and Chitarkot. At Pingla-Haridal is situated a hydroelectric power project of 2 MW capacity on the Qazinag River. This power project lies just below the confluence of the Batmaji River with the Qazinag River and has been severely damaged by the earthquake. The massive debris flow has occurred in this stretch of the valley and a large piece of agricultural land has got lost. Two human bodies are still buried under the huge debris fall deposit near the powerhouse site in the Qazinag Riverbed. The paddy fields on either side of this stretch of the valley have developed parallel cracks running along the river course (NNW-SSE) whose aperture ranges from a few centimeters to 0. m. The visible depth of these cracks is about 2 m. A large fissure cuts across the National Highway at Chitarkot. The aperture of the fissure is 1. 0 m and its visible depth is almost 3 m. From Chitarkot towards Sikh Bridge a number of debris fall deposits have destroyed the National Highway. . Fissures in the Green Patch Mountain Building on the older river terrace 8 Kandi The Kandi village lies on either side of the highway a nd has been devastated by the earthquake. It hosts a population of about 1500 confined to about 350 households. On the hill side of this township emanates a spring on the mountain slope, which ejects black and creamy slurry at regular intervals. The water content of the springs in the area has also increased after the earthquake. Below the township of Kandi are situated the villages of Chanpura and Trebani which together hosts a population of about 200 in about 40 households. The earthquake has destroyed all the households and has ruptured the paddy fields. Liquefaction has occurred during the main earthquake at a number of places in the area. The mountain slope on the eastern side of these villages has been fissured at the ridge and at a number of places on its slope. The slip is about a meter at the ridge. At a number of places debris and rock falls have inundated the houses situated at the foot of the mountain and a few houses are totally buried under the debris. Opposite the Kandi Bala a tipper has been buried under the debris which has fallen from this mountain. Tangdhar Bakhain The Bakhain Ridge is also fissured which runs parallel to the Tangdhar nar in the vicinity of Tangdhar town. On either side of this ridge are situated number of villages and an army camp. The rocks of the mountain are mainly quartzite and form its steep slopes on either side. The whole mountain has developed fissures of different sizes, which run parallel to the main ridge fissure. The main fissures are 3 m deep having an aperture of 1 m. The vertical displacement is about 0. 5 m. On either side of the mountain slope rock falls have taken place and scarps have developed. Boulders as big as a building have slipped down the mountain and hit the buildings situated at the foot of the mountain. There is high risk of falling of these hanging rock blocks and can be of serious consequences. Evidence of the past human settlements exists on this mountain. It is said that Dub Wali Mosque was situated on this mountaintop in the past. An earthquake of severe intensity destroyed the settlement. There are a few Okhalies scattered on the mountain slopes and its top, which have been carved out in huge rock blocks of quartzites. Besides, a number of earthen parts (broken) are scattered on the slopes and mountaintop, a few of them embedded in the topsoil of the mountain. Fissure at the Tangdhar Bakhain Okhali found at the Bakhain Mt ridge 9 Sadana Pass (Nasta Chhun) On the left side of the Sadana Pass lies the snow-covered mountain known as Eagle top on which was situated an army post. On the day of earthquake rock fall occurred on this mountain resulting in the burial of the army post killing 12 jawans who are buried there for ever. On the ridge of this mountain fissures have developed which are in continuity with the fissures developed in the mountain ridges of the Karnah valley. On the National Highway 4 km before the Sadana Pass fissures have occurred on the mountain slopes which traverse the highway also. In the same direction and in its continuity lies the mountain at Rangwar, which has developed large fissures similar to those of the Karnah Valley Mountains. The Rangwar village has been totally devastated and a population of about 100 people has shifted from the village to the roadside (a walk of about 2 hours). In this locality parallel fissures have resulted in rock- and debris falls inundating the settlements and the agricultural fields. Below this location towards Kupwara the intensity of damage is progressively decreasing. However, it is not known whether fissures have developed in the mountain ridges and slopes of this belt or not. Evidences of rupture in the agricultural fields and around the settlement at Karalpura suggest that fissures may have also developed in the vicinity of these areas. We observed liquefaction at Armpura, Nutnusa, and Badarkal on its journey to Uri via Kupwara-Handwara-Baramulla road. The local residents said that on the earthquake day blue coloured water ejected out of these liquefaction craters and at a few places brownish water emanated. The craters have dried up since but the scars are still present in these areas. People also revealed that water in the springs in these areas has increased due to the earthquake. We were told by the local people in the entire Karnah valley about the abnormal animal behavior (dogs and jackals) one day before the earthquake struck the area. They say that at the mountain ridges and slopes flames were seen emanating at the places where ruptures have occurred. This was followed by the dust bursts into the air. The intensity was so severe that for the full day the visibility was very poor. It was not until the rains started on the evening of October 8 that settled the dust clearing the atmosphere. During our stay in the Karnah valley 3-4 aftershocks were felt daily whose intensity was enough to cause further damage to the hanging structures, walls and tilting of the trees. The area is still experiencing the aftershocks and none of them of magnitude above 6 (IMD). 10 Kaman Post bridge The inner walls intact in a mud mortar house (Karnah) On the way to Uri from Baramulla we observed fissures developed on the banks of the Jhelum River near Sheeri. The fissures are continuous along the riverbanks whose aperture varies from a few centimeters to more than meter. The visible depth of these fissures is more than 2 m. On the left bank of Jhelum River at this location there are cracks in the mountain slopes which can be traced upto Tangamerg and beyond. Jehlum River bank near Kichhama Buildings on the bed rock near Red Bridge, Uri The spring situated near the mountain foot at the village Kichhama has completely dried up immediately after the October 8 earthquake. The spring water was used to irrigate about three hundred kanals of paddy land in the area. The fissures are traceable from this locality through the villages of Malpura, Dangapura, Sultanpura Kandi, Dudhbug, Nilasar, Chunti Pathri, Babarishi upto Tangmarg. In this belt the intensity of damage to the buildings increases towards the mountain slopes and their foot belt. Most of the buildings are not safe for living in this belt. Uri to Kaman Post The National Highway 1A from Uri to Kaman Post, a stretch of 17. 2 km, is totally damaged by the earthquake. The highway stretches have been washed away completely at a number of places. Culverts, bridges and other infrastructures have been damaged. It was in this sector of the highway that 66 Beacon personnel, who were at work, got killed during the earthquake. A number of vehicles including those of Beacon and private 11 sector have got damaged on this highway. Landslips, debris- and rock falls and shooting stones have struck most of the road sections. Almost total stretch of the highway has developed cracks along and across its entire length from Uri to Kaman Post. The main bridges, which have been damaged, include those of Red Bridge, Twin Bridge and the Aman Sethu. The most damaged bridge is the Aman Sethu whose one abutment on the PAK side and one panel of 70 m in length has been completely destroyed. All the buildings from Uri onwards have been damaged and the intensity of damage is complete beyond the Uri town. The area hosts a population of about 115 thousands. On either side of the Jhelum River the mountain ridges and their slopes have been fissured. The fissures run parallel to the river axis. The most devastated ridges include those at Sultan Daki, Kamalkot on the rightbank of the Jhelum River. The left bank mountain ridges and slopes fissured occur at Kaman Post, between km 8-10 to Kaman Post, Salamabad and Uri. Damaged and blocked Uri-Kaman Post-Muzzaffarabad Road sections Sultan Dhaki and Kamalkot On the mountain ridge above the township of Sultan Daki a large fissure has occurred on the eastern slope due to the October 8 earthquake. Black and brownish coloured water emanated from a number of spots which gushed out into the air a few tens of feet on the day of earthquake, said one soldier posted at a near by army post. Earlier the quantity of water emanating from this spring was a few inches, which is now flowing in the form of a large stream capable to run a few mills. The quantity of black water emanated from this fissure can be judged from the fact that the colour of the Jhelum River water from this point downstream turned black for about 15 days. The rocks on the mountain slopes over which the stream is flowing have turned either black or brown, which can be seen from the distant location on the National Highway. A similar water ejection has taken place on the same mountain ridge at Kamalkot about 5 km downstream. Both the areas have suffered a great damage as far as the buildings, livestock and the human causalities are concerned. These two townships have become most vulnerable to future landslips, rock- and debris falls and shooting stones. The 12 fissures developed on these mountain ridges and slopes are 4 to 5 m in aperture, more than 6 m in visible depth and are continuous for a few kilometers. There are a number of transverse cracks, which have developed across the longitudinal fissures. There is visible movement along these cracks in the entire area, which has frightened the local populace in general. At many places in this belt the agricultural land has been washed away by the landslips and debris falls. It is in this area that skeletons of human beings get exposed from the old debris, which has accumulated over them for the last few centuries. Possibly a strong earthquake may have struck this area devastating the settlements on these mountain slopes which got buried under the falling debris at that time. Similar is the situation today that at a number of places in the entire sector many of human bodies are lying under the huge mass of debris, which fell on them during the recent earthquake. Sultan Dhaki Mt. rupture (Kamalkot) Upslope tilting of the structure at Kamalkot Kaman Post The abutment of the Kaman Post Bridge (Aman Sethu) has been completely damaged on the PAK side. It is completely grounded and one of the three panels on that side is also completely destroyed. The central two piers have developed cracks at the foundation level and are unsafe for future use. On the Indian side abutment being partially built on the bed rock has sustained the shock. However, the complete bridge should be reconstructed on the firm foundation preferably at a new location. The bridge is located over the Khaliane de Kas (dry nala) through which runs a subsidiary fault of the Jhelum Tear Fault. The older river terrace at the Kaman Post on the PAK side has fallen into the nala over which the bridge is erected. The whole highway stretch on the PAK side is also destroyed. National Highway at Km 8 to 10 At this location the highway is damaged and a portion of it has been washed away. There exist a number of longitudinal cracks on the highway, which run parallel to the fissures, which have developed on the mountain ridges and their slopes. The fissures are about 1 m in aperture and a few meters deep. There is a vertical slip of about 1-m along these cracks. These displacements have resulted in rock- and debris falls and shooting stones in this sector of the highway. The settlements on these mountain slopes have been completely destroyed. Water in the springs emanating on these slopes have increased due to the earthquake. However, slowly and steadily is now decreasing. We 13 observed cracks cutting across the main fissures on the mountain slopes along which vertical displacement has taken place. Red Bridge Both the abutments of the Red Bridge have developed cracks. One of the abutments has partially fallen. There are severe cracks developed on the road and fissures occur at the mountain slopes at this location. These fissures are in continuity with other fissures developed on the mountain ridges in the area. Cracks on the slope at Jula village, Uri Twin Bridge, Uri Twin Bridge The earthquake has also destroyed the Twin Bridge. Both of its abutments have been damaged and the cracks are developed on the road section. These cracks are also expression of the main fissures developed on the mountain ridges and their slopes in the area. Besides the main bridges on the highway sector from Uri to Kaman Post a number of culverts have been partially damaged. Mention may be made of these damaged bridges and culverts i. e. , Red Bridge, Twin Bridge, Kaman Post Bridge, Lagama culvert, Salamabad, Urusa, Bhim Post, etc. Structures The intensity distribution estimated and interpreted by the Pakistan Geological Survey is closely associated with the rupture zone (Hussain et al. , 2006). Within the rupture zone, the city of Muzaffarabad suffered great damage (IX-X on MMI scale), and the city of Balakot was almost totally destroyed (X on MMI scale). Outside the narrow (5-10 km) width of the rupture zone, the signs of damage appeared to be fairly minor. While damage has been reported in more distant locations such as Abbottabad (35 km from rupture zone), Islamabad (64 km), and Lahore ( 250 km distant), and has been attributed to local site effects or poor construction rather than direct intense shaking from the earthquake. Table 1: Locality-wise intensity of earthquake affected areas in Jammu and Kashmir Locality Intensity Locality Intensity 14 Simbal Camp (Jammu)* IX Trebani IX Chanpura IX Uri Tehsil Kamalkot X Tad IX Sultan Dhaki Village IX Chitarkot X Sultan Dhaki Hill X Chamkot X Urusa IX Pingla Haridal X Jabla IX Bahadarkot X Salamabad VIII Ibkot X Lagama VII Dakhan X Kichhama IX Gundi Saiyidan IX Nambla IX Gundi Gujaran IX Sadwanian IX Gundi Shath IX Isham IX Thamni X Dringla X Karnah Tehsil Rangwar IX Tithwal X Drangyare IX Beari X Nastachhun VII Green Patch IX Bagh Bella IX Kupwara and Handwara Nalchian IX Karalapura* IX Tangdhar VIII Natnus* IX Tangdhar Bakhain VIII Armpura* IX Kandi Bala X Badarkal* IX * Intensity measured on the basis of liquefaction only Table 2: Locality-wise building types and percentage of damages Simbal Camp (Jammu) Kamalkot Sultan Dhaki Village Urusa Jabla Salamabad Lagama Kichhama Rangwar Tangdhar Tangdhar Bakhain Kandi Bala Chanpura Tad Chitarkot Chamkot Pingla Haridal Bahadarkot Ibkot Dakhan Thamni Dringla Tithwal Beari AB CD B, C D B, C D CD BC BC B CD A, B, CD BC BC BC CD BC BC BC CD CD CD D B, CD B, CD CD 2-3% 90-95% 90-95% 60-70 % 60-70% 65-75% 40-50% 30-40% 80-90% 50-65% 60-80% 80-90% 80-90 % 100% 80-90 % 75-80 % 80-90 % 90-95% 100% 100 % 100 % 80-90% 100% 100% The damage by the earthquake in Karnah and Uri areas has been severe close to the epicenter in the range of 50 km and progressively decreasing away. The intensity of 15 damage at various localities in the surveyed areas on the revised MMI Scale (ABAG, 2003) is given in Table 1. The type of the houses and the percentage of damages are shown in Table 2. In both the areas of Uri and Karnah most of the villages are built either on the older river terraces or on the hill slopes. The constructed houses in these areas are mostly single or double storey un-reinforced earthen wall stone masonry buildings. Stone masonry buildings are more common in these villages. The stone masonry walls consisted of irregularly placed undressed/dressed stones, rectangular and rounded, that were laid in cement sand and mud mortar. A significant number of casualties and injuries were associated with the total collapse of these structures. Unreinforced one or two storey brick masonry buildings with roofs constructed with wood and CGI tin sheets are also seen in these areas. These structures were also razed to the ground within the 10 km range of LOC. The area affected by major shaking lies within a radius of 50 km from the epicenter with the destructiveness of the shaking reducing quickly as one move away from the LOC. The intensity of the shaking has been severe in Karnah- and Uri Tehsils in the vicinity of LOC. In these areas a 1. 0 to 1. 5 m vertical slip component has caused the extreme damage to the structures. These structures mostly collapsed in place, rather than being thrown over or developing diagonal tension cracks. Our observations in Kashmir reveal that three types of ground conditions prevail in the earthquake affected areas. We also observed four types of building structures including Masonry A, B, C, and D in these areas. The intensity of damage varied in the three types of ground conditions even for the same type of masonry structure (both vernacular and modern engineered structures). In case of concrete block construction, the problems include poor block strength, weak mortar and lack of seismic detailing. In whole of the Karnah area we noticed two buildings constructed following the building codes. These buildings have behaved different to the earthquake shaking due to the different ground conditions. In general fire-clay brick masonry wall buildings have performed better than the other types of wall construction. A number of buildings in the area are wooden frame structure filled block or brick wall with either cement or mud plaster finish. Either type of buildings has suffered damages different one another according to the ground conditions in the area. The Jammu and Kashmir State has been classified in the zone-IV with two patches placed in zone V in the seismotectonic map of India 2002. These estimates are based on scanty earthquake record of the area. The northwestern part of Himalaya has been neglected regarding the studies on earthquakes and crustal deformation as compared to other parts of India. A series of active thrusts and faults are running across the state. Seismic hazard is not given a great deal of attention in urban planning and policy decisions, and seismic design does not appear to be high priority in the state. There is no code enforcement in the region. The observations mentioned above should be kept in view while formulating building codes for these and other similarly situated areas in Jammu and Kashmir. We also suggest that micro-zonation of the major cities and towns are taken up at priority basis before the building codes are formulated for the state. Other Aspects 16 In addition to the geological investigations we collected data on other aspects including village-wise death tool of human and livestock and loss of structures. The villages and towns surveyed include Tangdhar, Kandi, Ibkot, Dringla, Tithwal and Uri. The salient features of this study based on questionnaire filled up by the randomly selected 87 householders are given in Tables 3 to 6. Stone masonry building on the bed rock at Kandi Concrete Building on the older alluvium (Tribuni) Table 3: No. f Deaths in the households of the Surveyed villages Area Deaths Percent (%) Uri Sultan Dhaki 26 38. 80 Kamalkot 09 13. 45 Ibkot 07 10. 45 Kandi 08 11. 94 Panjtaran 15 22. 38 Tangdhar Beari 02 2. 98 Total 06 67 100. 0 Villages Table 4: Demographic Change in the Population of the Surveyed Area S. No 1 2 3 Sex Age Male Child Fema le Child Male Adult Past Present Dead population population 141 121 20 (29. 85) 107 165 143 556 102 143 123 489 05 (7. 47) 22 (32. 83) 20 (29. 85) 67 4 Female Adult Total 17 Figure 1: Past Pre sent Population Status 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 M ale Fem ale Child Child Male Fe m ale Adult Adult Number pas t pop. res ent pop. Age Sex Groups Table 5: Availability of amenities in the Surveyed Population Amenities Uri Available 25 05 00 00 00 Tangdhar Available 16 14 00 14 00 Electricity Water Education Ration Medical facility Not Available 00 20 05 20 00 Partially Available 00 00 20 05 25 Not Available 46 48 60 46 38 Partially Available 00 00 02 02 24 It can be viewed that about 31 percent of the households have got full-fledged Govt. /Social amenities and 69 percent of the households are partially benefited. The educational facility in both the areas has come to standstill. The list of village-wise deaths reported from Uri Tehsil is given in Table7. Table 6: Status of loss from the total households of the surveyed area Parameter Loss No loss Total Conclusions In the Karnah valley the mountain ranges on either side of the Batmaji and Qazinag Rivers have developed fissures at their ridges and their subsidiaries on their slopes. The fault line lies along these rivers, which has got activated by the recent Property ( % ) 85 (97. 7) 02 (2. 3) 87 (100. 0) Livestock ( % ) 22 (25. 28) 65 (74. 72) 87 (100. 0) 18 earthquake. This has resulted in a net vertical slip in the entire area, which has its expression in the development of fissures on the ridges of the mountains. The area is witnessing the aftershocks of intermediate magnitude daily whose frequency varies between 2 to 3. The expression of this fault line is traceable beyond the Karnah valley across the Sadana Pass in the Kupwara Tehsil through Chokibal, Rangwar, Nutnusa, and beyond. The ongoing liquefaction process at and around Karalpura should be closely monitored because it involves more areas with the passage of time. This is also necessary because this location is the only one that has got involved in this process after the main earthquake of October 8. Its intensity increases with the increase in the magnitude of the earthquakes taking place in the region. Deaths in Different Age Groups 17% 40% 0–15 16–30 31–59 23% 20% 60+ Similarly the mountain ranges in the Uri-Kaman Post sector of the Uri Tehsil have developed fissures on the ridges with subsidiaries on their slope. These fissures are developed on either side of the Jhelum River. In this area the Jhelum Tear Fault runs all along the river axis and has got activated by the recent earthquake. Evidences suggest that the readjustment of the rocks is still in progress and results in earthquakes whose epicenter is located around this area. The USGS observatories have also recorded the seismic activity in its vicinity. This fault line needs to be closely monitored during the times to come. Of all the surveyed households 71. 3 percent have received relief material in terms of money and clothes, tents, blankets etc. but 28. 7 percent of the households are yet to receive the relief material from the government agencies. From the total surveyed households more than half of the households i. e. 58. 6 percent want to migrate from their native areas, while as a total of 41. 4 percent want to hold back there. From the surveyed households it was observed that 62. 1 percent of the people are in a state of high mental stress and 37. 9 percent had been affected to a moderate extent. Of the total 41 injured people from the surveyed households 17 people were seriously injured while as 24 people were partially injured. The households also received a serious loss in terms of their livestock i. e. , a total of 22 households had their livestock completely perished. 19 Table 7: Village-wise death toll in the Uri Tehsil S. NO. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 NAME OF VILLAGE KAMALKOTE BANDI SARAI CHAPPAR KUNDI BARAJALA SADARA SULTAN DHAKKI BASGRAN DACHI NAWA ARUNDA URDOSA CHAKRA ISHAM BATGRAN GOHALAN CHRUNDA TILWARI URI DEATHS 86 53 10 39 19 46 21 4 22 7 10 24 7 7 31 1 13 S. NO 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 29 30 31 NAME OF VILLAGE URI MOHURA LIMBER BANDI BRAHMANA MACHI SUKHDHAR DARAGUTILAN DAWARAN DHANI SYDAN CHOOLAN ZAMORPATTAN THAJAL GINGAL GAWALTA NAMBLA TOTAL DEATHS 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 514 – – – Suggestions and Future Plan The Uri-II hydroelectric (HE) Project is under construction, which is a concrete straight gravity dam across the Jhelum River, at 1 km upstream of Dachhi Bridge near Salamabad village. During the recent earthquake the buildings of the project have been severely damaged and some damage has been caused to the dam structure as well. The project is a run of the river scheme with its weir near Dachhi village where from the water will be diverted through 540 m open channel followed by 4. 275 km long HRT to underground power house (PH) at Sadwanian village on the left bank of Jhelum River. The discharge from the PH will be diverted to the Jhelum River through a 3775-m TRT with its fallout in Gosalta nala near Urusa. The catchment area of Jhelum River up to dam site of Uri-II HE project is 13400 km2 comprising 12743 Km2 catchment area up to Uri-I head works and 657 km2 intermediate catchment area up to Uri-II dam site. The Design Flood (PMF) has been calculated as 4850 m3/sec. The Full Reservoir Level (FRL) is at 1241 m and the gross storage at FRL is 634. 31 ha m. The downstream areas vulnerable to inundation by dam break flood should be shown in the inundation map. The inundation map should be prepared with the help of water surface elevation profile, which has been computed for maximum flood elevation and discharges at various downstream locations. The detailed inundation map on 1:2,000-scale should be prepared and displayed at all the downstream flood prone locations depicting maximum water level that would be attained. The elevation also should be marked on the inundation maps depicting the topographic and geographical details of downstream areas. 20 Both the areas (Karnah and Uri) fall in the transition zone between seismic zones IV and V. From north to south three main thrusts occur in the region. They include the Main Karakoram Thrust, which separates the Hindukush-Karakoram belt from the Island Arc of Kohistan. In the south the Main Mantle Thrust separates the latter from Peshawar and Kashmir basins. The southern most is the Main Boundary Thrust, which separates the Lesser Himalaya from the Outer Himalaya. Panjal- and Murree Thrusts are the main tectonic planes that traverse the area. Besides, the Jhelum Tear Fault running in the N-S direction upto Muzzaffarabad and then E-W upto Baramulla separating the Peshawarfrom the Kashmir basin is the most active tectonic plane in the area. Though the area of downstream impact of the Uri-II is only spread over for about 15 km on the Indian side of the LOC but a population of about 7600 people is settled within the reach of dam break flooding. Besides, large population and agricultural and forestlands are at risk in case of dam failure beyond 10 km downstream reach in the PAK. Dam break would also adversely affect these areas. Therefore, monitoring of the RIS and seismic activity in the area is of utmost importance. The water level v/s flood wave has been worked out for project by one of us (GMB) which is given in figure below. Water Level v/s Flood Wave Level 1250 1250 1150 1100 1050 1000 950 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Down stream Locations Water level Level of Flood Wave Water Level (m) 1150 1100 1050 1000 950 S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance from Dam site (d/s) Dam Axis 200m 700m 2950m 3110m 6100m S. No 7 8 9 10 11 Distance from Dam site (d/s) 8225m 10100m 11475m 12919m 14915m The area has experienced earthquakes of moderate to severe intensity in the past. The epicenters of major earthquakes in Kashmir are related with the mega- (more than 200 km) and intermediate lineaments (100-200 km). However, there is no documentation of seismic activity along the thrusts cutting across the project area. Therefore, a plan of seismic surveillance of the area by establishing a network of seismic monitoring stations is proposed preferably jointly by India and Pakistan. There are evidences of neotectonic 21 Level of Flood Wave (m) 1200 1200 activity along the thrusts in the area; these thrusts should also be kept under the surveillance for such activities. The area is traversed by Panjal- and Murree Thrusts and Jhelum Fault and, falls in the transition zone between seismic zones IV and V. Besides, a number of lineaments transversely cutting across this thrust- and fault imbricate make the area more prone to neotectonic activity. These structural discontinuities coupled with joint systems and foliation in the rocks of the area makes it more prone disasters. Acknowledgements We wish to place on record sincerely gratitude due to Prof. Amitabh Mattoo, Vice-Chancellor, University of Jammu without whose inspiration, guidance and help the first outreach activity of the Centre for Disaster Studies and Research would not have been possible. We gratefully acknowledge the support extended by the BRO (Beacon) officials (Brigadier S. S. Dasaka, CE; Lt. Col. Jyant Bhamare, O/C 53 RCC and Maj. Y. C. Srivastava, O/C 109 RCC) during our stay in the area and conducting geological investigations. Thanks are due to Army Officials 3 Panjab and Dogra Regiment for their help in conducting the geological survey in the sensitive areas under their command. We gratefully acknowledge the help rendered by Qazi Ab. Hameed (younger brother of ViceChancellor, University of Kashmir), Qazi of the Karnah, whose company with us in the field for two days proved very fruitful in collecting the vital geological information from the area. We would like to place on record the co-operation extended to us by people in guiding us to the most affected areas in the region. We also received help from the JK Police Department, Beacon and district authorities in the distribution of relief goods in the quake affected areas of Karnah. References ABAG (2003). Modified Mercalli intensity scale from Richter, C. F. , 1958, Elementary Seismology , W. H. Freeman and Co. , San Francisco, pp. 135-149; 650-653. Bhat, G. M. , Pandita, S. K. , Singh Yudhbir, Singh Sham, Sharma Vinay and Bhat Gulshan (2005). Report on Quake hit Karnah and Uri Tehsils, Kashmir, pp. 1-22 Hussain, S. , Ahmed, N. , Khazai, B. , Ali, Q. , Ali, S. M. and Khan, M. (2006). The Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan. EERI Special earthquake report 22 The Members of the Relief – come – Earthquake Investigation Team University of Jammu Sitting First Row left to right Kanchan Sharma, Sanjeev Sharma, Shahnawaz, Iftekhar Sitting Second Row left to right Sham Singh, Vinay Sharma, Rashid Choudhary, Yudhbir Singh Standing from left to right Vikrant Singh, Prof. Ashok Aima, Prof. V. K. Kapoor, Dr. G. M. Bhat, Dr. S. K. Pandita, Ajay Kumar, Gulshan Rashid Bhat 23 How to cite The Kashmir Earthquake of Oct.8.2005, Papers

This is a report of the 5-minute practical television production Essay Example

This is a report of the 5-minute practical television production Essay This is a report of the 5-minute practical television production completed on October 24th 2003. It covers the pre-production to production, signifying the main areas of difficulty with equipment/group members and opinion of the finished product. My overall conclusion was that the communication within the group was poor, which led to the lack of organisation with the final product. ~ Aim and Objectives ~ * To produce a 5-minute Television programme according to the Media Production 1 instructions. We will write a custom essay sample on This is a report of the 5-minute practical television production specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on This is a report of the 5-minute practical television production specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on This is a report of the 5-minute practical television production specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * To inform, educate, entertain * Produce a light-hearted, humorous talk show, in a satirical manner using footage collected around TASC campus and presenter improvisation ~ Group Members in final production ~ Rachael Hibberd, Joe, Oliver, Ben, Donna, Syra, Harriet, Carly, Glen. ~ Pre-production ~ The idea developed by the group was a paradoxical concept, a spoof-comedy talk show, similar to, for example Reeves and Mortimer with two presenters. The two presenters were Rachael Hibberd (myself) and Joe Muddiman. The title was TASC Bedroom Athletics, and included topics such as The laziest student at TASC. The production included footage such as The Twister Championships, the empty auditorium with just one pupil asleep snoring, and the Mini Golf tournament report, in the Jervaulx halls of residence, with students playing a game of golf in the corridor, aiming at an upturned mug. This was to emphasise the satirical effect we were aiming for, to entertain whilst informing the viewer of typical student life, such as the laziness, and mock sporting events as shown in the footage, to portray how students dont take life seriously. My initial feelings when told that we had to produce a 5-minute television programme were mixed. Instinctually I was excited, yet nervous, as the idea of working with strangers was daunting, but I was ready for the challenge and willing to put as much effort into the whole process as possible. I carried out research before the production was filmed, by watching television talk shows to familiarise myself with the actions/behaviour of comedic presenting style to get the gist of being in front of the camera. I feel I contributed a lot to this production, by attending every Media lesson/private studio time. Through these I contributed various ideas towards the production, and I feel that in reference to the Belbin questionnaire I was a co-ordinator and organiser within the group. I was disappointed with some members lack of interest, who gave the impression that there was no need to try or attend as it was not important. This was disheartening, and communication in the team was poor, because we did not know eachother and people were either lazy or too afraid to voice their opinions. I felt this myself, as though I had to keep my opinions quiet in order to prevent argument, however there were many things that should have been voiced in order to demonstrate to these certain mem bers the problems they were causing towards the organisation of the production. Problems were occurring from the very first lesson. The whole group was present at the beginning of the four-week process and roles were decided equally by the group. However, some people were not as prepared to share out the workload, therefore it seemed only a small number of people were willing to do the work/research required. As we began collecting the footage and rehearsing, problems arose as group members were not attending the media production workshops, nor the private studio time. Therefore this affected the efficiency of things. Syra was the main cause of this problem as she attended only one Media production lesson and approximately 15 minutes of private studio time. People were dropping out of Trinity all together, decreasing group members, forcing people such as myself to take on more roles. However, this did not bother me, as I was willing to make this production work. On the contrary, there were a select few who were willing to make the effort and this is what held it together. Caroline, the director, was extremely organised throughout and made suggestions on what to do. Claire, the PA, who actually dropped out of Trinity, the day before the production, was efficient up until this point and made every effort toward the script, which was used in the production. Tom, Ben, Joe, and Carly, and myself, were consistent in showing up to the private studio time, and working on the ideas. ~ Equipment ~ Throughout the four-week period leading up to the production I managed to familiarise myself with every aspect of the studio equipment. I enjoyed using the sound and the vision mixer, as it gave me a chance to experiment with different colours, images and sounds, which was interesting. The cameras were also interesting and I was intrigued by how different scenes look through a camera lens, as every shadow is accentuated. The control room with the recording/engineering desk and ENG machines looked fascinating, but I found it frustrating to use as there were so many buttons and switches, and different operating machines. I found the lighting problematic; from the point of view being in front of the camera, it was extremely hot, making it uncomfortable. Secondly, setting light positions was perplexing, as it was difficult to get the position right/get light setting correct, and which camera numbers to use. I did not get chance to work with the caption generator or autocue, however I observed others using it and saw the difficulty of getting the speed right. The caption generator was out of order when the prpgramme was filmed, adding to the problems we faced. ~ Production ~ Overall the production succeeded, in terms of timing, use of footage and the script. However, It was stressful and unorganised. This was because certain members were not present Caroline (director), Claire (PA) and others who had left Trinity and All Saints. This made it difficult, and to add to the problems, a new member, plus Syra turned up at the lesson. This should have been a positive thing, however the new member Harriet had not previously attended any lessons thus did not know what to do or how the equipment worked. I found it difficult in front of the camera, as I would have preferred to work with the gallery equipment, simply because I felt uncomfortable on camera and I felt I had a natural affinity with the sound and the vision mixer. I found it hard to follow all the directions of the floor manager coherently and which camera to look at was confusing. Other problems that occurred on the day of production were that certain equipment was not working such as the caption generator, and also the script was not followed entirely correct as we had to make changes. These changes were due to the fact that the footage tape was not edited before hand as we had problems booking studio time before the production, therefore the editing had to be done within the hour and a half we had to make the production, which took up valuable time. Generally, most team members gelled well together, and natural leaders such as Caroline, myself and Oliver came forward, which aided organisation, yet may have intimidated some members, which is something that could be avoided if we were to re-do it. ~ Evaluation ~ The production could be improved by better organisation and team work, as well as communicating better with others and voicing opinions aswell as letting others voice theirs. This was not successful in our group, as certain people were too self-involved to hear other peoples ideas. Individually, I could have contributed more by making an effort to communicate with certain members who seemed to be having problems. The expectations of the group were too high; we did not realise that how little our TV production knowledge was, with little time to complete it. On a more positive note, most members gelled well and made an effective contribution to the success of the programme, however better communication and time management could definitely have improved it. To conclude, the television studio work was interesting and enjoyable, and the final piece was successful, despite problems that we faced, which can account towards the piece as a whole. I am satisfied with my contribution to the final piece and most of my expectations were met; as I knew it was not going to be easy, I made the effort and was willing to do the work.